Computer Sciences are a vast field of knowledge, it's more than one person can learn during a lifetime. Large projects last for years, many employees work on them at the same time. In case of programming, it's not only knowing a single programming language, but also mathematics, software production methodologies & a lot of theoretical background. Programmers are people who understand how computers work, are able to make them work in a certain way, as ordered by customers.
Technology Race.
Once a while new technologies, new solutions appear, competing to float above others as far as sales go. These can be compared to a toolbox of a programmer, different hammers, drills, nails, etc ... Part of these technologies are open source & freely available, as for example emerging Dragonfly Algorithm is, others are patented trade secrets. Because of competition & a fast work pace, security errors are a part of the race.
Hacking.
Hackers are Information Technology personnel who specialize in Software Security. Once they are aware of a problem in application's security they can break it, gaining access & control over a machine it's run on, or disable the Service’s Internet access, for a while at least.
Common hacking Methods.
Most known of hacks is the Buffer Overflow Hack, where computer memory is overwritten with specificially prepared data, known as shellcode ... in the end shellcode is run instead of original application, doing hackers' will. Other important parts of hackers' toolbox are: Heap Overflow Hacks, Format String Hacks, Rootkits, Backdoors, Social Engineering Hacks, SQL Injection Hacks, Denial of Service Hacks, probably more as well ...
Service Security.
It's not uncommon for Corporations to hire hackers as Security Personnel to 'patch the holes', as well as to use other means of increasing security of Corporate Systems. Antivirus software also helps, often it's best to use a combination of Firewall Software, Antivirus Software, Intrusion Detection System Software & Security Personnel.
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